An archive is a collection of historical records, or the physical place they are located. Archives contain primary source documents that have accumulated over the course of an individual or organization's lifetime, and are kept to show the function of an organization.

In general, archives consist of records that have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation on grounds of their enduring cultural, historical, or evidentiary value. Archival records are normally unpublished and almost always unique, unlike books or magazines for which many identical copies exist. This means that archives (the places) are quite distinct from libraries with regard to their functions and organization, although archival collections can often be found within library buildings.

A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science.

When referring to historical records or the places they are kept, the plural form ''archives'' is chiefly used. Archivists tend to prefer the term "archives" (with an S) as the correct terminology to serve as both the singular and plural, since "archive," as a noun or a verb, has acquired meanings related to computer science.

Etymology

First attested in English in early 17th century, the word ''archive'' () is derived from the French ''archives'' (plural), in turn from Latin ''archīum'' or ''archīvum'', which is the romanized form of the Greek ''ἀρχεῖον'' (''arkheion''), "public records, town-hall, residence or office of chief magistrates", itself from ''ἀρχή'' (''arkhē''), amongst others "magistracy, office, government" (compare an-archy, mon-archy), which comes from the verb ''ἄρχω'' (''arkhō''), "to begin, rule, govern".

The word originally developed from the Greek '''' (arkheion) which refers to the home or dwelling of the Archon, in which important official state documents were filed and interpreted under the authority of the Archon. The adjective formed from ''archive'' is ''archival''.

History

The use of keeping official documents is very old. Archeologists have discovered archives of hundreds (and sometime thousands) of clay tablets going back to the IIIrd and IInd millennia BC in sites like Ebla, Mari, Amarna, Hattusas, Ugarit, Pylos. And these discoveries have been fundamental to know ancient alphabets, languages, literatures and politics. Archives were well developed by the ancient Chinese, the ancient Greeks, and ancient Romans (who called them ''Tabularia''). However, they have been lost, since documents were written on organic materials like papyrus and paper.On the contrary, many archives founded since Middle Age by churches, kingdoms and cities survive and often have kept their official status uninterruptedly till now. They are the basic tool for historical research on these ages. Modern archival thinking has many roots in the French Revolution. The French National Archives, who possess perhaps the largest archival collection in the world, with records going as far back as A.D. 625, were created in 1790 during the French Revolution from various government, religious, and private archives seized by the revolutionaries.

Users and institutions

Historians, genealogists, lawyers, demographers, filmmakers, and others conduct research at archives. The research process at each archive is unique, and depends upon the institution in which the archive is housed. While there are many different kinds of archives, the most recent census of archivists in the United States identified five major types: academic, business (for profit), government, non-profit, and other. There are also four main areas of inquiry involved with archives: material technologies, organizing principles, geographic locations, and tangled embodiments of humans and non-humans. These areas help to further categorize what kind of archive is being created.

Academic

Archives in colleges, universities, and other educational facilities are typically housed within a library, and duties may be carried out by an archivist. professors may also run a smaller archive. Academic archives exist to preserve and celebrate the history of their school and academic community. An academic archive may contain items such as the administrative records of the institution, papers of former professors and presidents, memorabilia related to school organizations and activities, and items the academic library wishes to remain in a closed-stack setting, such as rare books or thesis copies. Access to the collections in these archives is usually by prior appointment only; some have posted hours for making enquiries. Users of academic archives can be undergraduates, graduate students, faculty and staff, scholarly researchers, and the general public. Many academic archives work closely with alumni relations departments or other campus institutions to help raise funds for their library or school. Because of their library setting, a degree certified by the American Library Association is preferred for employment in an academic archive in the United States.

Business (for profit)

Archives located in for-profit institutions are usually those owned by a private business. Examples of prominent business archives in the United States include Coca-Cola (which also owns the separate museum World of Coca-Cola), Procter and Gamble, Motorola Heritage Services and Archives, and Levi Strauss & Co. These corporate archives maintain historic documents and items related to the history and administration of their companies. Business archives serve the purpose of helping their corporations maintain control over their brand by retaining memories of the company's past. Especially in business archives, records management is separate from the historic aspect of archives. Workers in these types of archives may have any combination of training and degrees, from either a history or library background. These archives are typically not open to the public and only used by workers of the owner company, although some will allow approved visitors by appointment. Business archives are concerned with maintaining the integrity of their company, and are therefore selective of how their materials may be used.

Government

Government archives include those maintained by local and state government as well as those maintained by the national (or federal) government. Anyone may use a government archive, and frequent users include reporters, genealogists, writers, historians, students, and people seeking information on the history of their home or region. Many government archives are open to the public and no appointment is required to visit.

In the United States, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) maintains central archival facilities in the District of Columbia and College Park, Maryland, with regional facilities distributed throughout the United States. Some city or local governments may have repositories, but their organization and accessibility varies widely. State or province archives typically require at least a bachelor's degree in history for employment, although some ask for certification by test (government or association) as well.

In the UK the National Archives , formerly known as the Public Record Office, is the government archive for England and Wales. The National Monuments Record is the public archive of English Heritage. The National Archives of Scotland , located in Edinburgh, serve that country while the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland in Belfast is the government archive for Northern Ireland.

A network of local authority-run record offices and archives exists throughout England, Wales and Scotland and holds many important collections, including local government, landed estates, church and business records. Many archives have contributed catalogues to the national Access 2 Archives programme and online searching across collections is possible.

In France, the French Archives Administration (''Service interministériel des Archives de France'') in the Ministry of Culture manages the National Archives (''Archives nationales'') which possess 406 km. (252 miles) of archives as of 2010 (the total length of occupied shelves put next to each other), with original records going as far back as A.D. 625, as well as the departmental archives (''archives départementales''), located in the ''préfectures'' of each of the 100 ''départements'' of France, which possess 2,297 km. (1,427 miles) of archives (as of 2010), and also the local city archives, about 600 in total, which possess 456 km. (283,4 miles) of archives (as of 2010). Put together, the total volume of archives under the supervision of the French Archives Administration is the largest in the world.

In India the National Archives are located in New Delhi.

In Taiwan the National Archives Administration are located in Taipei.

Most intergovernmental organisations keep their own historical archives. However, a number of European organisations, including the European Commission, choose to deposit their archives with the European University Institute in Florence.

Church

A prominent Church Archives is the Vatican Secret Archive. Archdioceses, dioceses and parishes also have archives in the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches. Very important are monastery archives, because of their antiquity, like the ones of Monte Cassino, Saint Gall and Fulda. The records in these archives include manuscripts, papal records, local Church records, photographs, oral histories, audiovisual materials, and architectural drawings.

Most Protestant denominations have archives as well, including the Presbyterian U.S.A Historical Society, The Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives, the United Methodist Archives and History Center of the United Methodist Church and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ).

Films

Non-profit

Non-profit archives include those in historical societies, not-for-profit businesses such as hospitals, and the repositories within foundations. Non-profit archives are typically set up with private funds from donors to preserve the papers and history of specific persons or places. Often these institutions rely on grant funding from the government as well as the private funds. Depending on the funds available, non-profit archives may be as small as the historical society in a rural town to as big as a state historical society that rivals a government archives. Users of this type of archive may vary as much as the institutions that hold them. Employees of non-profit archives may be professional archivists, para-professionals, or volunteers, as the education required for a position at a non-profit archive varies with the demands of the collection's user base.

Web archiving

The process of collecting data from the World Wide Web and preserving it in an archive, such as an archive site, for the web user to see. See Website Archiving. Examples of web archives:

Side bars

Blogs

Calendar

Tag cloud

News websites

Other

Some archives defy categorization. There are tribal archives within the Native American nations in North America, and there are archives that exist within the papers of private individuals. Many museums keep archives in order to prove the provenance of their pieces. Any institution or persons wishing to keep their significant papers in an organized fashion that employs the most basic principles of archival science may have an archive. In the 2004 census of archivists taken in the United States, 2.7% of archivists were employed in institutions that defied categorization. This was a separate figure from the 1.3% that identified themselves as self-employed.

Another type of archive is public secrets . This is an interactive testimonial in which women incarcerated in the California State Prison System reveal their stories about what happened to them. The function of the archive is to unfold the stories of the women who want to express themselves and want their stories to be heard. This collection of stories includes the women's direct speeches and also a recording of the women saying their speech.

The archives of an individual may include letters, papers, photographs, computer files, scrapbooks, financial records or diaries created or collected by the individual – regardless of media or format. The archives of an organization (such as a corporation or government) tend to contain other types of records, such as administrative files, business records, memos, official correspondence and meeting minutes.

Standardization

The International Council on Archives (ICA) has developed a number of standards on archival description including the General International Standard Archival Description ISAD(G). ISAD(G) is meant to be used in conjunction with national standards or as a basis for nations to build their own standards. In the United States, ISAD(G) is implemented through Describing Archives: A Content Standard, popularly known as "DACS". In Canada, ISAD(G) is implemented through Rules for Archival Description, also known as "RAD".

ISO is currently working on standards.

See also

Archivist

List of archives and List of national archives

Archival informatics

Archival research

Archival science

Archive Fever (book by Jacques Derrida)

BS 5454

Collection (museum)

Computer data storage

Data proliferation

Digital preservation

Discovered text (archaeology)

Greenstone (software)

Information repository

Internet Archive

International Council on Archives

Manuscript processing

Preservation (library and archival science)

Web archiving

Database

Notes

External links

International Council on Archives

Archives Hub — gateway to descriptions of archives held in UK universities and colleges, part of the National Archives Network

InterPARES Project — international research project on the long-term preservation of authentic digital records

Access to Archives (A2A) — the English strand of the UK archives network

Online-Guide to Archives around the globe

The Changing World of Records Storage

AIM25 – archives within the UK M25 area.

British Cartoon Archive associated with the University of Kent

The Digital Archive of Literacy Narratives

Banco di San Giorgio – Genova Italy: Archive (1407–1805): nearly 40,000 books catalogued with full description. www.giuseppefelloni.it

Forward Anywhere

Public Secret

R-Shief

Database as a Sybolic Form – An Essay by Lev Manovitch

Slavic Archives

* Category:Historical documents Category:Greek loanwords

ar:ربائد az:Arxiv be:Архіў be-x-old:Архіў bs:Arhiv br:Diell bg:Архив ca:Arxiu cs:Archiv de:Archiv et:Arhiiv el:Αρχείο es:Archivo de documentos eo:Arkivo fa:بایگانی fr:Archives gl:Arquivo ko:기록 보관소 hr:Arhiv io:Arkivo id:Arsip iu:ᓂᐱ it:Archivio he:ארכיון la:Archivum lv:Arhīvs lt:Archyvas hu:Levéltár ms:Arkib nl:Archief ja:公文書館 mr:पुराभिलेखागार no:Arkiv pt:Arquivo ru:Архив sq:Arkivi scn:Archiviu simple:Archive sk:Archív (inštitúcia) sl:Arhiv sr:Архив sh:Arhivalije fi:Arkisto sv:Arkiv ta:ஆவணக் காப்பகம் th:จดหมายเหตุ tr:Arşiv uk:Архів zh:檔案

Hou Hanru (born in 1963 in Guangzhou former Canton, China) is a Chinese art curator and critic who lives in United States since 2006.

He received degrees from the Central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing and moved from China in 1990. He lived 16 years in France before moving to America in 1990. He works at San Francisco Art Institute as Director of Exhibitions and Public Program and Chair of Exhibition and Museum Studies. He has curated numerous exhibitions including "Cities On The Move" (1997–2000), Shanghai Biennale (2000), Gwangju Biennial (2002), Venice Biennale (French Pavilion, 1999, Z.O.U. -- Zone Of Urgency, 2003, Chinese Pavilion, 2007), Nuit Blanche (2004, Paris), the 2nd Guangzhou Triennial (2005), the 2nd Tirana Biennial (2005), the 10th Istanbul Biennial (2007), "Global Multitude" (Luxembourg 2007), "Trans(cient)City" (Luxembourg 2007), EV+A 2008 (Limerick), etc.

He has been consultant in many international institutions including Walker Art Center (Minneapolis), Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York), Kumamoto Museum of Contemporary Art (Kumamoto, Japan), De Appel Foundation (Amsterdam) etc. and served in juries of many international awards including the Hugo Boss Prize (Guggenheim Museum), Chinese Contemporary Art Award (Beijing), Ars Fennica (Helsinki), etc.

He has also taught and lectured in various educational institutions including Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten (Amsterdam), etc.

A selection of his writings was published as "On The Mid-Ground" by Timezone 8, 2002.

References

San Francisco Art Institute

http://www.iksv.org/bienal10/index.html

http://www.eva.ie/default2.asp?active_page_id=4

Archive of writing on ''Art Practical''

Category:Art curators Category:1963 births Category:People from Guangzhou Category:Living people Category:San Francisco Art Institute faculty Category:Chinese expatriates in the United States Category:China Central Academy of Fine Arts alumni

fi:Hou Hanru tr:Hou Hanru

Zhang Dali (born 1963, Harbin, China) is an artist based in Beijing.

Zhang trained at the Beijing Central Academy of Art & Design. After studying painting in China, he went to Italy, where he discovered graffiti art. He was the only graffiti artist in Beijing throughout the early 1990s, and is the first artist since Keith Haring and Jackson Pollock to be given the cover of ''Time magazine''.

From 1995 to 1998 he spray-painted over 2000 giant profiles of his own bald head on buildings throughout Beijing, placing the images alongside 'chai' characters painted by the city authorities to indicate that a building is scheduled for demolition. The appearance of these images became the subject of media debate in Beijing in 1998.

He has shown work internationally in many exhibitions including the International Center for Photography in New York, Les Rencontres d'Arles festival in France (2010), 18Gallery in Shanghai, Magda Danysz Gallery in Paris, Courtyard Gallery in Beijing, Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, Kunstnernes Hus in Oslo and the 2006 Gwangju Biennale in Korea. He is represented by Kiang Gallery in Atlanta, Eli Klein Fine Art in New York and Base Gallery in Tokyo

Zhang Dali has portrayed 100 immigrant workers in life-size resin sculptures of various postures, with a designated number, the artist's signature and the work's title "Chinese Offspring" tattooed onto each of their bodies. They are often hung upside down, indicating the uncertainty of their life and their powerlessness in changing their own fates. Zhang Dali's work actively engages with the rapidly changing environment in China. Zhang started working in portraiture as one of Beijing's first graffiti artists, spraying and carving heads into the walls of the hundreds of buildings scheduled for destruction. Working across a wide variety of media - from urban art, to archiving photographs of Mao, and large scale installations - Zhang's portraits document a contemporary social history of a culture in radical development and flux. Chinese Offspring is one of Zhang's best known works. Consisting of 15 cast resin figures suspended from the ceiling, each sculpture is a representation of a migrant construction worker, a vast underclass who contribute to the modernisation process at it most visible level. Since 2003, Zhang has made 100 of these effigies in tribute to their unsung heroism. Zhang's work not only champions the individual plights of these transient labourers, but also records one of the most important phenomena of new Chinese order: the growing schism between poverty and wealth. Zhang's figures are hung by their feet to denote their vulnerability and economic entrapment. Each bears a unique tattoo issuing them with an edition number, the Chinese Offspring project title, and the artist's signature of authentication - a normal practice in indexing art construed as a witty commentary on social engineering and population control

References

3. Maggio, Meg editor. Zhang Dali: Demolition and Dialogue. Beijing: CourtYard Gallery, 1999.

Bibliography

''Q & A: Zhang Dali interview'', CNN, Dec 11, 2006

Archive of Chinese Avant Garde Art, Cornell University

Wu Hong, ''Zhang Dali's Dialogue: Conversation with a City'' in ''Public Culture'' - Vol.12, No.3, Fall 2000, pp. 749–768 accessed at - subscription only

http://www.chinatownconnection.com/zhang-dali.htm http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/artists/zhang_dali.htm

External links

Zhang Dali – Saatchi Gallery

Zhang Dali - Magda Danysz Gallery & 18 Gallery - Paris - Shanghai

Zhang Dali - Kiang Gallery

Zhang Dali – Base Gallery

Zhang Dali - Eli Klein Fine Art

Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:Chinese graffiti artists Category:People from Harbin

fr:Zhang Dali it:Zhang Dali

Zhang Peili (born 1941) is a Chinese geologist and the wife of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao.

Biography

Peili was formerly the Vice-President of the Chinese Jewelry Association, and President and CEO of Beijing Diamond Jewelries Co., a company which has operations in both the mainland and Hong Kong.

Zhang met Wen when he was working in Jiuquan as part of Gansu's Bureau of Geology. Being described as a strong-willed woman, her personality is in strict contrast to that of her husband, who is fairly introverted and modest. Zhang is never seen on any official occasions with the Premier. In 2007 Taiwan's TVBS found Zhang to be wearing a bracelet worth over two million RMB (around $300,000US) at a jewelry convention.

According to a U.S. diplomatic cable posted by WikiLeaks, Wen has sought to divorce Zhang and is "disgusted" by how she has used his name to extract huge commissions in the diamond trade.

Zhang and Wen have a son and a daughter, Wen Yunsong and Wen Ruchun.

References

Category:Chinese geologists Category:Chinese businesspeople Category:Spouses of national leaders Category:Living people Category:1941 births

zh:张培莉

Liu Xiaodong (; born 1963 in Liaoning, China) is a contemporary Chinese artist.

Education

Liu studied at the Central Academy of Fine Arts (中央美术学院) in Beijing and received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in oil painting in 1988. In 1995 he was awarded a Masters of Fine Art in oil painting at the same university. From 1998. He continued his studies overseas at the Academy of Fine Arts at the Madrid Complutense University in Spain

Filmography

1990: Began participating with the Chinese Independent Film Movement, starting as the lead role in ''The Days'', which was named one of the top 100 most important international films of the past century by the BBC.

1993: Art director for movie: ''Beijing Bastards''.

2006: Starred in Documentary, ''Dong'' ("East",《东》), a documentary of the Three Gorges and Thailand painting project by director Jia Zhangke. This film was entered into the 2006 Venice Film Festival as a candidate for the Golden Lion Award.

Public exhibitions

2011 Paintings of Yan' Guan; Art Basel Miami, Miami, Florida. A preview of these paintings were published in ''Harper's Magazine''. 2010 Liu Xiaodong has a new exhibition of his paintings in Beijing starting 18 November 2010.

2009 Inaugural Exhibition, Hadrien de Montferrand Gallery, Beijing

2008

*Displacement: The Three Gorges Dam and Contemporary Chinese Art, Smart Museum of Art, University of Chicago

2006

*Biennale of Sydney 2006, Biennale of Sydney, Sydney, NSW

*The Three Gorges Project - Paintings by Liu Xiaodong, Asian Art Museum, San Francisco, CA

2005

*The Wall - Reshaping Contemporary Chinese Art, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY

*Regeneration - Contemporary Chinese Art from China and the U.S., ASUART - Arizona State University Art Museum, Tempe, AZ

*The Second Beijing International Art Biennale 2005, Beijing International Art Biennale, Beijing

*Mahjong - Chinesische Gegenwartskunst, Kunstmuseum Bern, Bern

2004

*Three Gorges, China Art Archives & Warehouse (CAAW), Beijing

*Regeneration - Contemporary Chinese Art, David Winton Bell Gallery, Providence, RI

2003

*Alors, la Chine ?, Centre Pompidou - Musée National d´Art Moderne, Paris

2002

*The 1st Guangzhou Triennial, Guangzhou Triennial, Guangzhou, Guangdong

2001

*Liu Xiaodong, Galerie Loft, Paris

2000

*Photography as fine art, galerie skala, Cologne

*Portraits, figures, couples and groups, BizArt, Shanghai

References

External links

Xiaodong Studio

Interview with Liu Xiaodong at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

Hadrien de Montferrand Gallery">Liu Xiaodong, Hadrien de Montferrand Gallery

Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:Chinese artists Category:People from Liaoning Category:People's Republic of China painters Category:China Central Academy of Fine Arts alumni

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